heredity and its variation

                                            HERIDITY AND ITS VARIATION

                                                                                             By: Siddhika Pawar and Shraddha Agrawal

 HERIDITY: Heredity refers to the passing of traits or characteristics from parents to offspring through the transmission of genetic information.This occures through the transmission of DNA, which contains the genetic instructions for the development and function of an organism.

 Here are some key aspects of heredity:

 1.Genes: The basic units of heredity, genes are segments of DNA carry information for specific traits.

 2.Inheritance Patterns: Traits can be inherited in different ways, such as dominant, recessive, or co-dominant.

 3.Genotype and phenotype: refers to an individual's genetic makeup ,while phenotype refers to the physical expression of those genes.

 4. Mendel's Laws: Gregor Mendel's laws of inheritance described how traits are passed down from generation to generations. 

 5. Chromosomes: Genetic information is duplicated and passed from parents to off springs.

 6. DNA replication: Genetic information is duplicated and passed on to offspring through DNA replication. 

 7. Mutation: Changes in DNA can result in new traits and disorders. 

 8. Heritability: The proportion of variation in a trait that can be attributed to genetic factors . Heredity plays a crucial role in understanding evolution, development, and individual differences. It has numerous applications in fields like medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology.

Heredity: The transfer of characters or traits from the parents to the off spring is called heredity. 

Variation: The difference between the characters or traits among the individuals of the same species are called variation. Heredity is the transfer of biological characters from the one generation to another via genes. 

                                    

                                                           Joham Gregor Mendel

Joham Gregor Mendel is the pioneer of the modern genetics. In 1901, the reasons the sudden changes were understood due to mutational theory of Hugo de Vries. 

                                                       

                                                        Walter and Sultan

Meanwhile in 1902 Walter and Sultan observed the paired chromosomes in the cells of grasshopper. Until Then it was not known to anyone. Joham Gregor Mendel Walter and Sultan Through which 1944, trio of scientists Ostwald Avery, Mclyn McCarthy and Colin MacLeod proved that except viruses, all living organisms have DNA as genetic material. In 1961,the French geneticists Francois Jacob and Jack Manad proposed a model for process of protein synthesis with the help of DNA in bacterial cells. It helped to uncover the genetic codes hidden in DNA.

 Thereby, the technique of recombinant DNA technology emerged which had vast scope in the field of genetic engineering.

 Effects of heredity:  The science of heredity is useful for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hereditary disorders, production of hybrid varieties of animals and plants and in industrial processes in which microbes are used. 

 Twins : Two embryos develop simultaneously in the same uterus and thus two off springs are delivered simultaneously. Such offspring are called as twins. 

                                                            

 . Heredity, the sum of all biological processes by which particular characteristics are transmitted from parents to their off spring .The concept of heredity encompasses two seemingly paradoxical observations about organisms: the constancy of a species from generation to generation and the variation among individuals within a species. Constancy and variation are actually two sides of the same coin, as becomes clear in the study of genetics.